Play “The Crucible” by Arthur Miller Essay

â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller is a play set during thte hysteria of the Salem witch trials of 1692. The word â€Å"crucible† is defined as â€Å"a severe test† or â€Å"a container for melting or purifying metals.† The title of this play is incredibly appropriate because the charactersin the play were faced with a great test while attempting to purify their community. WHen faced with a conflict, the citizens of Salem begin to act on basic animal instincts, and their true colors shine through. The word â€Å"crucible† is appropriate because the intention of the court was to purge the town of Salem of any evil beings, but the court only created a way for wrong-doers to go unpunished and those who stayed true to their values be killed. The additional definition of â€Å"crucible† is appropriate because the characters in the play were faced with a choice of doing what was morally and ethically correct or doing what was wrong. For example, John Proctor is tested several times throughout the play. â€Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life†¦I have given you my sould; leave me my name† (Miller, 1166). The audience is able to see Proctor’s true character through this quote. Although he is sentenced to be hanged, he refuses to soil his name or jeopardize his morals, not even in exchange for his life. Mary Warren represents the bulk of the citizens of Salem because she was driven by fear. â€Å"I cannot, they’ll turn on me† (Miller, 1129). When Mary Warren trys to to undo her wrongs, she becomes frightened to stand on her own and risk being accused of witchcraft. Many of the citizens of Salem that were accused of witchcraft sacrificed their morals and their values in order to keep their lives. When the citizens of Salem become scared, they lose their ability to think logically. Many of them lie to save themselves or lie to gain something. The choas brought out each characters true personality.

Eth-125 Week 9 Final Prject

Individual Final Project: Kristopher Freitag Race and ethnicity and understanding its differences helped me achieve a certain amount of levity with the way I interact with others. America is extremely diverse, yet have an abundance of things in common. This is shown throughout history and right outside our doors, America, where our towns and cities are filled to the brim with personalities and of difference race and ethnicity share this culture that we call American society.I have learned to put a haul to being short sited and while I learned little about my own cultural history, the most important thing is to ensure you do not ignore it. Too many people have prejudged notions and are set in their own cultural history and views, but once one looks into it, there are vastly more things one has not realized and learned. It's hard to believe going in to the class that you would be so naive and ignorant to realize how close we are to one another, and how our struggles of differences have brought us closer together.For myself a Caucasian male, there is little to learn about my ethnicity, however as my wife is Hispanic we have grown closer as I have learned more from her and her â€Å"peeps† as she calls them, than most will ever realize. Learning about your own cultural can be beneficial, however I see more benefit in knowing another's, this in turn shows a level of respect for their own history and not a complete overlook of any walks of life they may have come from. The trends in immigration in the United States are very predictable and continue to grow exponentially.Immigration growth is expected to remain high within the United States, as people love this country of ours, and will continue to move here because of its values and most important of all, its freedom. Yes, America is not perfect, but it is considered the mother country and I don't think that reputation is going away soon. People must prepare for the continuing growth of immigration by integrat ing language, culture, and other small differences into our society. This is included in our schools, businesses, television, newspapers, and other outlets.For example, there should be language translations on bus stop signs or restaurant menus, etc. The high note of this exchange of culture will be the limited about of prejudice one can claim against â€Å"the white man† as in essence will become the minorities. Ironically, I see this as a good thing, America was founded on immigrants, I see an equal parts share the most compelling idea. Having the freedom to chose your own path and religion in the United States is why we are the fastest growing nation, it is time we embraced our differences and allow them to create a new life for us.The challenge the United States faces because of its diversity are ever changing and ever growing conflicts within its very own borders. We all want something to enhance lives, some better pay, some more freedom, legalization, marriage, the dive rsity of the things we fight for are vast in and of themselves. As we move forward we will have to begin to negotiate with all of these conflict and make a peaceful resolution available to the people and their demands, otherwise we will plunge ourselves back down into a civil war, of which I am not interested in.The ironic side of this, is if we as a society, as a country, as one can stand up and say this will happen and this is how it will be, than we might just unify our differences and permits the first generation of Americans to be born into a country where we work together, not against one another. The different cultural backgrounds integrated into one community, the different experiences we may learn from each other, the possibilities are endless, but if we compare our society to those of old, the expansion of war introduced new cultures and knowledge, why cannot we do the same without the ar.By simply being civil and tolerant and respectful to one another and treating each ot her as we would want to be treated. I think rudeness is at all time high. I am reading a book The Civility Solution ; it has much superior info. I think if we educate ourselves on this subject ; share what we are learning it will spread quickly. I was in a restaurant this evening ; my waitress was at the table next to mine ; I heard her use the word CRAP. I couldn't belief she said that, she did. What would make a person say that when she is talking to people about food. So raising consciousness is the way to go.I think experience is important & when people learn from experience it is the best teacher. Many who live far out away from others are moving in to the more populated areas & that will help. When you need help & the person who helps is not in the body or from the geographical area you love you start loving them anyway. Inevitably media stereotypes are often utilized in order to provide for a specific effect, especially in the entertainment, advertising, and news industries, which need a wide curtain to attract as large an audience as possible to quickly interpret information.Stereotypes protracted in the media can have negative side effect and become problematic. They can reduce the vast range of cultural differences in people to overly simplistic categorizations and transforming assumptions about particular groups into â€Å"realities† are engaged to justify the position of those in charge and perpetuate social prejudice and inequality The cultural groups being stereotyped are not given any opportunity to influence how they are represented.This is common within the media, regardless of style, show or channel, stereotypes and some causes of stereotypical portrayals, include a lack of diversity behind the scenes. However the basis for this creation of appreciation induced by the media is not without saying, the focus aimed at minorities of all ethnicities, families, and the appreciation for freedom, this lack of anger that can be pushed into our televisions, movies, and commercials is a method of uniting Americans and their differences.Only through an acknowledgment of our differences will the prejudicial learning's and educational services be made the misinformation to be openly discussed and approached with in a way which is likely to foster change. It is clear however, that if we can't talk about these differences and problems in their portrayal, we surely can't change it. Sigmund Freud, the famous Austrian physician changed the whole face of psychology in such a dramatic way by putting forward a theory of personality that stressed on the importance of the unconscious mind.The work he completed with patients suffering from mental disabilities like hysteria led him to theorize that our early childhood as well as our unconscious thoughts and actions contribute toward the development of our personalities and overall adult behavior. Changing an entire groups prejudiced attitudes, views and beliefs and an institution's racist actions is not simply fixed overnight.Reducing our racial prejudice as a society and racism is a complex task that changes in notions from community to community, so it doesn't offer a straight-forward approach, a step by step process that can be adopted and integrated without having a complete understanding of the environment and social context. This action would require knowing your community well and being able to choose a strategy that will best fit your own community's needs, history, context, energies, and resources, as a one size fits all will not work in this matter.

Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trade - Essay Example It is a person's habit to give more emphasis on his/her success than failure and therefore he/she becomes overconfident. Barber and Odean (2001) present a belief that difference in gender has a relationship with the overconfidence level in particular field. They suggests that the men working in finance domain outnumber the women working by far, which marks that men are more confident than women in this field. Also that the attribute of self bias is seen more in men than women and therefore men are more likely to be overconfident. In order to justify the claim of overconfidence, been seen more in men than women, they quote the data from various surveys between 1998 and 2000 taken on a total of approximately 15000 respondents in which men expected their portfolio to outperform the index by a greater margin than women. Men trade approximately 45 percent more than the fairer sex, as per the data obtained from various brokerage firms. They also suggest that the average turnover rate for the common stocks for single man is sixty seven percent more than a single woman. Moreover Barber and Odean (2001) find out that women, at the end of the year, earn a return 0.143 percent lower than those earned by the portfolio at the beginning of the year whereas for men this number is 0.221 percent because of my churning activities seen in men than women. This justifies the fact that the stocks sold by both men and women outperform the ones they purchase. The stocks that men buy underperform those they sell by 20 basis points whereas the figure is 17 percent for women. At the end, Barber and Odean (2008) find out that the men on an average earn a monthly gross and net return of 1.501 and 1.325 respectively whereas for women this 1.482 and 1.361 respectively and concludes that the assumptions taken first that men trade more as compared to women and second that the men depletes the utility more due to excessive trading both holds good. An analysis on authors' finding:- There is a thin line of difference between confidence and overconfidence.While the authors appropriately suggest and prove that the number of trades executed by men is higher as compared to women, this may be because of better risk handling capacities in men than women. Authors aptly relate that trading is related to risk facing capacity and is also related to the income earned by an individual which well may be the only case and the data derived by the authors for the model may be necessary but does not seem sufficient to justify that the higher trades are a result of overconfidence. However the report generated by the authors definitely guides an investor in the following manner in his future

The Costs and Benefits of Joining EMU Case Study - 1

The Costs and Benefits of Joining EMU - Case Study Example The increasing interdependence among the European states is aimed at creating free mobility of goods, services, labour, and capital within the trade region (Debra, & Colin, 2007, p. 162). The EMU has increased the common rules among the member states to combine the separate markets and economies by increasing the economic coordination and cooperation and setting new competition policies for the member states. The EMU has created economic interdependence so as to eliminate monetary policies that undermine and distort benefits realized from such interdependency (Debra, & Colin, 2007, p. 162). For the EMU to function smoothly, the following feature must be present: The member states of EMU must surrender their sovereignty in some areas of policy formulation. Such areas include interest rates and exchange rates determination, and constraints acceptance in macro-economic exercise (Debra, & Colin, 2007, p. 163). The politicians from the member states of EMU are required to undertake unpopular policies required for a state to qualify to be a member of EMU, and also introduce economic structural reforms that will ensure their country’s economies survive within the economic and monetary union. However, reluctance among the major European Union community has led to serious problems of EMU. The above feature and condition do not determine whether the European Union has an ideal environment for using the common currency. The optimal currency areas (OCAs) theory sets the preconditions for use of common currency among states. For the EMU to succeed in using the common currency, the following conditions must be fulfilled: Though the EMU has been launched, some of these conditions appear to be lacking within the European Union trade region. However, some benefits have gained by the European Union countries for being members of EMU. The main perceived benefits of joining economic and monetary union include low costs of the transaction, single market consolidation, the convergence of prices, stabilization of foreign exchange rates, and price stability (De Grauwe, 2005).     

Critically Assess and evaluate total reward packages as a contributory Essay

Critically Assess and evaluate total reward packages as a contributory factor in employee retention A case study based on Marks & Spencers(the orderno - Essay Example This research focuses on a particular case study within Marks and Spencer, a major UK superstore to understand the impact of rewards, incentives and performance appraisal on employee motivation and performance. Marks and Spencer is a leading name in retailing within the UK. The company maintains that the rewards package given to its employees is flexible, competitive, focused on superior results and is aimed to support personal choices of personal lifestyles. The elements of the reward packages of the company include fixed and competitive pay rates, variable performance related pay and a wide range of other benefits (marksandspencer.com, 2006). In this study we prepare a detailed questionnaire to understand the impact of these benefits, payment and reward systems on employees and we also determine whether these rewards actually help in improving motivation and how this would relate to improved company performance. Marks and Spencer has boasted of 73% employee retention over 2004-2005 and retention may be considered as an important indicator of employee satisfaction and motivation (MarksandSpencer.com, 2006). Questionnaires are distributed to employees of Marks and Spencer to determine whether rewards systems given to them have a positive impact on their motivation and performance levels and aid them in heir decision to work for one company for a long period of time. The participants are employees of Marks and Spencer working in customer service divisions and 100 completed questionnaires are obtained and the data compiled are analysed for employee motivation and satisfaction levels that provide an indication of the employee retention level within a company. Marks and Spencer claims a high percentage of employee retention. The questionnaires are aimed to determine employee expectations, rewards given, job satisfaction, employee motivation, years of service and performance levels. Literature Review Companies use different means of rewarding employees and Brody et al (2001) discuss merit pay plans used by companies to motivate and reward employees. The theory of motivation would highlight that rewards and reinforcement for individual accomplishments should produce positive results although there may also be negative outcomes (Brody et al, 2001). Brody et al suggest in their study that when individuals are involved in hiring and merit allocation for employees, their prior commitments have significant effects on rewards allocated to the employees. This shows that a manager's personal involvement with employees can lead to increased merit allocation and rewards. This study highlights the factors that determine merit allocation and rewards which may not be completely dependent on employee performance and also large depends on interpersonal relationships within the workplace. Rewards could be largely based on performance ratings and it would be important to understand how employees perceive these ratings of their performance. Smith and Rupp (2004) state that a major purpose of having performance appraisals of employees is to determine individual merit which in turn help in determining whether merit pay or benefits would be given to

Theories in Criminal Justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theories in Criminal Justice - Research Paper Example Since these studies started a long time ago, there has been the development of several theories among the criminologists to answer these questions. On the other hand, there are likely to be multidisciplinary causes of criminal behavior (Lawrence, 2011). Criminology theory gives a scientific explanation of the reasons why people commit crimes. Although criminology theory has different elements, which try to stand alone to expound on criminal behavior, there has to be an interrelation of factors to give the true explanation. Among the four different elements of criminology theory are biological factors, psychological factors, sociological factors, and rational choice. It is necessary to understand each element for better understanding on a true explanation of criminal behavior (Strider, 2011). Conversely, the theories depend on logic to explain whether the criminal act is the result of a rational decision, internal predisposition or external aspects and why a person commits a crime. Co nsequently, it is through these theories that the judicial and law system is structured (Divico, 2011). The study of the relationships between societal influences and crime depicts sociological Positivism. A study of social structures within an offenders environment, for example, peer groups, socioeconomic status, subculture, family and education level that cause his criminality is under sociological theory. Moreover, the theory tries to explain how an offender sticks to his environs, becoming a product of his environment and social learning. According to this concept, under certain circumstances like strain including poverty, a breakdown in the family or moral values and family.

Pop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pop Culture - Essay Example She normally lights a spark in people that grows into a flame. That flame then reaches out and lights up another. It is pop starts like her who directly affect the hearts and mind of fans. In effect, those fans display their love by backing up the music, contributing to causes touted by that celebrity. Regularly, a fan understands more about what happening in the world since they heard it from their favorite pop star rather watching the evening news. They give and take relationship becomes consecrated to the fans, and precious to the pop start. Britney Spears is most understandable examples of mind control in the entertainment industry (â€Å"Britney Spears’ 30 Most Outrageous Outfits† 1). Since she exploded into the music industry in 1998, Britney Spears has turned to be a pro at turning heads on red carpets, in addition to concert platforms. Whether she was dressed up for an awards event, or dolled up for Starbucks run, what Britney was donning became nearly ass celebrated and assessed as the hits she sang. Whereas we wait to see what outstanding garments brings out the closest during the promotion of her subsequent album. Britney normally looks very pretty and stylish in her outstanding outfits. Britney Spears has courageous fashion decisions that leave most people delighted at the sight of her outfits. Britney Spears also takes his time to gesture at his fans, recognize them and reassure herself that in spite of the situations, she is still beloved and that fans have not neglected him. Her gesticulation is normally spontaneous and typical (â€Å"Britney Spears† 1-2) Pop queen Britney Spears is known to wear famous brands, such as Diesel, Louis Vuitton, Dolce&Gabbana, etc†¦ She does not like to be seen wearing, in what some people would think is, ‘’normal clothing’’. As a pop queen, her expectations are way high up in the sky. She has a huge ego, and her self-esteem is up.

Swot Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Swot - Research Paper Example As at 2011, the sales of the worldwide subsidiaries totaled to $65 billion despite the product recalls and the legal issues that the Company has battled in recent years. Other than dealing in medical products, Johnson & Johnson Company also produces baby and beauty products whose consumption is overwhelmingly popular in many of the consumers in the world market. With this, this essay will delve into the SWOT analysis of the Johnson & Johnson Company and the ways in which the company may improve its operations in order to increase the profit generation levels. List of Johnson & Johnson products Acuvue contact lenses Corn Huskers Lotion Johnson Baby powder Aveeno Ponstan Euthymol Healthy Woman Johnson’s Baby Combatrim Ideally, the products manufactured by J & J are in three categories namely medical devices, diagnostics, and health care products with its employee base amounting to one hundred and twenty nine thousand people. As of 2012, these products brought in $67.2 in revenue s, which translated to high profit margins for this pharmaceutical product manufacturer. SWOT Analysis Strengths One of the leading reputation that the Company holds is that it has attracted the admiration of many because of its involvement in the manufacture of consumer products that meet the quality standards in the globe. In 2011, the company received recognition from the UN for an award through its active participation in its campaign dubbed ‘Healthy Mother, Healthy Baby’, which influenced its brand to retain its market acceptability across the globe. The other strength that J & J Company has been that it operates in more than fifty-seven countries hence lowering their business operations risks through the widespread investing. The other strength is that J & J as a brand has been in existence for many years hence influencing its target market to have immense trust in the products manufactured by the parent company or its subsidiaries. Further, J & J has a vertically integrated supply chain in that the subsidiaries of this company have unity because they all have a common owner despite the fact that each of the supply chain members produces different products (Harrison, Lee & Neale 263). Therefore, J & J has control of its supply chain as this has helped in the improvement of coordination among the various subsidiaries spread across the globe. Moreover, J & J has diversified in the products that it manufacturers in that the Company has stable operations as this lowers the operational risk while increasing its value (Hendrikse J & Hendrikse L 41). This means that if one of the production systems brings in losses, then the other arms provide cash flow that may be applied in making investments. Therefore, this strength has helped J & J to operate in volatile markets and be profitable even when it is experiencing challenging times. Weaknesses Over the years, J & J has had to battle various challenges such as various litigations and product recalls that have made the Company to record dismal performance. Product recall In 2010, a subsidiary of J & J voluntarily recalled children’s medicine accessible over the counter totaling forty-three that appeared to have been endangering the lives of the users. McNeil Consumer Healthcare did so after conducting a routine check on its facility and ascertained that the products produced did not meet the quality and

Staffing Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Staffing Organizations - Essay Example The process of staffing involves getting candidates and interviewing them, a process that consumes resources and time. Success is certain if the right employee for the specific work is available at the right time in the organization (Heneman et al 2011). This paper reveals a three year recruitment plan for a coffee shop with three line managers and ten coffee servers. 2. Recruitment plan. The recruitment plan will identify the store managers and coffee server’s posts and job description. For the three store managers each will be required to possess certain descriptions that suit the job description. The job description can be obtained from the current employees by enquiring their opinion on their work. The plan should consider publicizing the current posts to obtain potential applicants. The scope of publicizing may vary depending on the level of the posts. The store manager’s posts may get a nationwide coverage while the coffee servers may get a local coverage. Places where there are potential job applicants can be selected. They include websites, local newspaper, conferences and higher learning institutions. The criterion for short listing candidates is decided in line with the job description for the specified posts. According to Noe et al (2009, p. 34), implementing the criterion will be an effective way of cutting down on the number of interviews. A decision on the personnel who will conduct the interview and selection process is made in the plan. The interviewers may involve the human resource representative, employment officer and heads of department where the new recruits will work (Mathis et al 2010). The screening questions for the candidates should be decided in the recruitment plan. The questions should be relevant and related with the posts. Questions that are discriminative should be avoided. Discriminative questions consider race, marital status, disability and ethnicity. Based on the answers provided by the interviewees, the interv iewers should have a plan on how to evaluate the candidate. The capabilities and personality of the candidate should be judged from the information they presented. It is determined weather employees to be hired will require training or experienced employees will be chosen. The organization can retain current employees and new recruits following the appointment by ensuring that their morale is increased. New recruits should complement the existing employees by bringing in new incentives as they share their experience. Morale can be increased if a coffee server with the knowledge is promoted to be a store manager. Rewards for work done increases the motivation of the employees and can be considered (Nkomo et al 2010). 3. Communication message for application. The communication message will give the name of the organization and their intention to obtain new employees. The organization will need three store managers and ten coffee servers. Each store manager will be in charge of activit ies in the given store, and will report to the director. The coffee server’s tasks will be to serve customers and will be answerable to the store manager. Each store manager will be required to possess a degree in hospitality and management studies or in a related field, with a one year experience in hospitality industry. The coffee servers will be expected to possess college education. Advertising the available posts can communicate the message to eligible candidates. The advertisements would state the name of the

Articles Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Articles Summary - Essay Example The chapter, however, argues that these traditional distinctions do not properly investigate international migration. Instead, the chapter indicates that international migration should be investigated comprehensively, involving the impact that the migratory patterns have on both the host country and the country the person came from. The chapter then goes on to examine economic theories of migration. The first theory examined is the neoclassical theory. The text argues that neoclassical theory positions migration as occurring because of push and pull factors. Namely, economic conditions push some people out of their regional areas and pull them to different geographical areas. A notable aspect of this theory is that it assumes that people maximize all available opportunities presented to them. One considers that this may be an overly idealistic portrayal of the motivation behind international migration movements. Another theory examined is dual labor market theory. This theory expands some of the neoclassical elements by including the importance of race and gender in motivating migration. The third approach is the new economics of labor migration model. This perspective argues that rather than rooting migration behavior in a single individual, migration must be examined in terms of larger social units; specifica lly, these social units involve families, households, and communities. These varying theories of migration are recognized as significant because they influence a variety of policy decisions that are regarding immigration. Adding to this complexity is the recognition that these varying economic theories may operate at identifying different levels of immigration. This complexity leads the chapter to consider that rather than imagining a singular type of migration, it may be more productive to consider a large array of migrations. As a means

Writing a Critique Essay Example for Free

Writing a Critique Essay ‘To critique’ in the academic world means ‘to look into a certain work and state the strengths and weaknesses and then provide suggestions on improving the work in a manner that is constructive’ (Critiquing Tips, n.d.). Methods in Effectively Critiquing a Work Effectively critiquing a work entails the following: First of all, it is very important to be very honest (Critiquing Tips, n.d.). Second is to look for something optimistic or encouraging to speak about (Critiquing Tips, n.d.). Third is to speak about the weaknesses but at the same time â€Å"providing suggestions on how it may be developed and improved† (Critiquing Tips, n.d.). Last but not least, it is essential do be diplomatic no matter what weaknesses are to be stated and keep in mind that the goal of critiquing is to â€Å"provide assistance to the author of the work† and not attack or insult the individual (Critiquing Tips, n.d.). Aspects to Look for in Critiquing It is essential to look into the references utilized by the author, check for validity and reliability (Chesapeake College, n.d.). Scrutinize how the ideas were supported, check if the stated ideas are facts, or simply opinions to verify if there was no bias and both sides (or opposing perspectives) were evenly taken into consideration (Chesapeake College, n.d.). Also, the â€Å"appropriateness of the vocabulary and logic of the argument should be looked into as well† (Chesapeake College, n.d.). Noting the Findings/ Writing and Presenting the Critique The findings may be noted by: 1) â€Å"introducing the work including the author, title, as well as, the references and their dates of publication†; 2) â€Å"providing a one- to two- sentence summary†; and 3) â€Å"producing a thesis statement† (UHWO Writing Center, n.d.). It is also highly recommended to state â€Å"three to five points to support the thesis statement† (Chesapeake College, n.d.).

The UK Pension System: Overview of Changes

The UK Pension System: Overview of Changes The aim of this essay is to perform an analysis of the UK pension system, understanding its foundation and working. The core focus is to assess the statement the UK pension statement is fatally flawed and requires that we make fundamental changes in the way we save for old age, by referring to the Pension Commission Reports, and the relative proposals that have been made recently. The essay provides an introduction to the pension system, before tackling the issues that make the system troublesome and flawed. Detailed analysis of the reports, including the Pension Act 2007 and 2008, are used as evidence of various issues with the current setup, and the proposals are judged to see if they will provide the necessary changes to improve the system in the coming years. The generic understanding of the term pension is the arrangement by which people who are no longer in employment are provided a form of income. It can also be considered as a form of savings, in which one accumulates funds without any taxes, to utilise later as retirement income (Blake, 2006). The chief difference between pension and a severance package is that the former is paid in regular instalments, while the latter is paid as lump sum at the time of departure from employment, or shortly thereafter. Where pensions are granted at the time of retirement from the workforce, they are referred to as retirement plans or superannuation. The flexibility of the retirement plan is that it can be set up by employers, insurance companies, government or trade unions, to cater for the needs of the workforce upon its exit from employment due to reaching the maturity age that is pre-decided as the point to move out. This is normally at 60 years, although recent changes have pushed it to 65 years (Blake, 2006). Pension is referred by different names in different countries; the Americans call it a retirement plan, in Australia it is known as superannuation, and in the UK it is regarded as pension scheme (Blake, 1997). Types of Pensions In order to analyze the pension system objectively in light of the documents, it is important to understand the different types of pensions. There are three common types of pension in practice around the world (Blake, 2006). These are: Employment-based pensions: Often regarded as a deferred form of compensation, this is primarily an arrangement between the employer and employee, aimed at providing a steady income to the employee once they are no longer in employment due to reaching maturity or retirement age. Both employer and employee make regular contributions to this fund during the period of employment. Social / State pensions: These are funds created by national governments for the benefit of their citizens and residents. Contributions into these funds are made by the nationals of the country throughout their working life, and the benefits they end up receiving after retirement are based on the contribution history. Two known examples of this type of pension are National Insurance (NI) in the UK and Social Security in the United States (US). Disability pensions: A more specialised form of pension that is designed to provide a regular payment if the member suffers a disability. In some cases, social pensions contain a disability clause which ensures a regular income to individuals should they have to retire earlier than normal, in the event of some disability. Determination of Benefits Pension or retirement plans can be classified into two main types, on the basis of the benefits that they provide: defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans. The defined benefit plans follow a traditional set formula for calculating the benefits that a member will receive after retirement. It takes into account the individuals salary and years of employment (Blake, 2006). There are variances in the salary level taken; some plans take an average of the salary over the period of employment, others take the final salary as the determining value. The defined benefit plans also have a provision for early retirement; this allows employers to let go of workers who are close to the retirement age by offering supplemental benefits to the payout that will received. These benefits are paid till the time of actual retirement age being reached. The benefit for employers is that they can hire younger workers at lower pay to handle the workload. Defined benefit plans are composed of unfunded and funded plans. In unfunded plans, there no assets set aside and the benefits are paid out through the workers contributions and taxes. Funded plans use investment vehicles to place funds in, at the present time. Benefits are paid out of the return on investment that is made in the future. However, since the return is not known, the level of benefits that will be given out is also unclear (Blake, 2006). The defined contribution plans provide a payment at retirement based on the contribution made by the member during the time of employment. The contributions are maintained in an individuals account, with the amount being invested in a fund or the stock market. Returns made from the investment are credited back to the individual (Blake, 2006). The risks of the investment made are approved by the individual, with no responsibility held by either the employer or the sponsor. However, the administrators of the fund selecting the investment options are held responsible to a certain degree to ensure accountability. Additionally, defined contribution plans allow workers to decide the amount that they wish to regularly add to their retirement package, in addition to the contribution made by the employer. Pensions in the UK The UK Pension Provision can be divided into three main categories: state pensions, occupational pensions, and individual or personal pensions. The states main aim is to ensure some form of basic pension provision as a preventative measure against poverty in old age. The retirement age currently stands at 60, but is under plans to be raised to 65, and be equalised for men and women (Blake, 2003; DWP, 2009). The UK state pension dates back to the early 1900s, when it was introduced as Old Age Pension. The qualifying age at the time for receiving this benefit was 70, and there was means test that needed to be cleared prior to any payments being released (Blake, 2003). The state pension is made up of three elements: basic state pension (BSP), additional pensions and pension credit.BSP is also known as state retirement pension (SRP), and is a contribution based plan. The benefit that an individual receives is based on their NI contribution history (Budd Campbell, 2000). Additional pension relates to schemes that the government introduced to provide extra provision to the nationals, in addition to BSP. This includes the graduated retirement benefit, state earnings-related pension scheme (SERPS) and state second pension (S2P). The graduated retirement benefit ended in 1975 and the SERPS was ceased in 2002. The current S2P follows the basic principles introduced by SERPS, by taking into account the individuals NI contributions and providing benefits where earnings are below the low level identified by the state. The additional pension schemes are voluntary and individuals can opt out of making contributions to it. Pension credit was introduced in 2003 and is a means tested benefit that aims to lift a majority of retired people out of poverty. The benefit is paid after the individual reaches the age of 60, and their income from savings is below a certain level. Those with some form of savings doubly benefit when they reach the age of 65, with a second provision of the scheme kicking in, known as Savings Credit (Blake, 2003). The occupational pensions are administered by employers to provide benefits to their employees after they retire. These can be defined benefit or defined contribution schemes run by the employers, or an arranged third-party. Typically, the UK occupational schemes are jointly funded by both employer and employee, where employees contribute around 6% of their gross salary into funds that invest into equity, and provide a return of that investment to the individuals account for the future (Budd Campbell, 2000). The third category of UK Pension Provision is personal pensions. This is when individuals make arrangement with a provider like an insurance company, to make regular contributions in a scheme, similar to occupational pensions (Blake, 2003). Like the other plans, the contributions are made by the individual throughout their working life, with benefits of pension being released after retirement. The process of these benefits being released can vary; in some cases, the provider purchases a pension plan prior or at retirement for the individual. Challenges to Pensions The most important challenge faced by most nations, including the UK, is the aging of the population. With birth-rates slowing down and life expectancy increasing, a larger percentage of the population is elderly. This means that the ratio of workers to retirees is growing, meaning there are less individuals each year earning and contributing to the pension system, while there are more beneficiaries being registered each year. The current system is normally referred to as pay as you go (PAYG), in view of how it is funded and utilised (Blake, 2003). This challenge is harder to address with individuals seeking to look for alternatives to ensure a better lifestyle after retirement for themselves, than the bigger picture of a nation with a large portion of retirees falling below the poverty level. Another challenge faced is the reduction in investment into private pensions. Employers have cut the contributions they had been making as a response to the current business climate (Budd Campbell, 2000). This means that the amount available or due to be available for retirees in the future will be lesser than initially forecasted, ending up with further disparity between the need and provision of the benefits at that stage. The complexity of the UK pension system has made it harder for changes to be implemented effectively, resulting in more patch-up than complete reforms. This complexity has given rise to a sense of despair among the workforce on the ability of the state to cater to the demands of the citizens, and offer solutions that are viable and feasible in the long-run. Pensions Commission Formed in 2002, the Pensions Commission was a public body in the UK that did not come under any governmental department, but reported to the Secretary of State for Works and Pension (Pensions Commission, 2007). Its sole aim was to review the system of private pensions and savings in the nation, and make recommendations as it saw necessary on whether changes needed to be made for the future. The changes were primarily linked to the voluntary contributions made by individuals and organizations. The Commission published two reports, in 2004 and 2005. The reports provided a detailed analysis of the UK pension system at the time, its evolution over time should it remain unchanged, and recommendations on steps that were needed to formulate a new policy that was more in line with the future demand (Pensions Commission, 2007). The UK compared to the rest of Europe With limited accessibility to data from current years for the pension schemes in Europe, an analysis of a survey conducted during the late 90s shows some interesting information, highlighting the plight of the UK pension system, and the drastic need of reform in the present age (Blake, 2006). It was discovered that on the whole, 57% of the workforce in the UK who were in paid employment contributed towards a pension. This is the voluntary contribution that occupation pensions allow. The data of European Union (EU) workers showed that 79% of the contributed to a pension plan. This disparity shows the resulting imbalance in benefit payments and contributions for the UK, as well as a defining reason for a high percentage of pensioners falling below the poverty line (Blake, 2003). When the comparison was done for self-employed individuals, it was discovered that 59% of men and 47% of women in the UK contributed to a pension scheme. However, this pales in comparison to the 73% and 72% of men and women, respectively, in the EU who contributed to a pension plan (Blake, 2003). This is an addition to the point stated earlier, that signifies the growing income equality setting into the social system in the UK, and is a reflection of the divergence of income among workers. On the organization front, more employers have changed their schemes in the UK, requiring individuals to fend for themselves, and be more responsible for the provision of pension. The state has taken a backseat, to become more of an enabler and regulator (Blake, 2006). However, with increasing concerns from the citizens, the UK government in the last few years has started to investigate changes to the current system, in hope of bring improved benefits in the long run. The Turner Report In 2005, the Pensions Commission published the Turner Report, after its exhaustive research of the prevalent pension system in the UK. The report was aimed at providing the government a course of action with recommendations on steps that needed to be taken to bring a radical shift in the contributory habits, as well as the structure in place for the pension system (Pensions Commission, 2007). One of the recommendations from the report as linked to combating the population ageing challenge faced by the system. It was of the view that the retirement age be increased so that the contributory workforce numbers are improved to supplement the needs of the pensioners (Pensions Commission, 2007). Also, the age for receiving maximum benefits should be changed so that these are only available to older nationals, with others needed to invest into private pensions as a means of supplementing their retirement income. Another recommendation was for the formation of a National Pension Savings Scheme (NPSS), a semi-compulsory contribution scheme that offered individuals a set choice of investments within a constrained range of investment options (Pensions Commission, 2007). The creation of such a scheme would allow UK workers to enjoy supplementary retirement benefits without any reliance on employers to act as sponsors. However, sceptics have argued recently on the viability of such a scheme to be cost-effective or the governance policies for it to remain efficient and reactive to the changing financial conditions domestically and internationally. The National Pensions Debate The work of the Pensions Commission and the resulting Turner Report gave the UK government a wake-up call on the needs for change in the pension system. The first steps towards reform were taken in the step of opening the debate to the public. The focus of such a step was to involve the citizens into the process of deciding what was needed, as they were the chief beneficiaries of the system. The National Pensions Day, organised on 18 March 2006, brought together thousands of UK nationals on a uniform platform, to share their views and offer alternatives, in terms of the reforms needed to be auctioned by the government to have a lasting effect on the pensions system (DWP, 2009). As well as a coordinated public event through internet link-up, the UK government used an online survey to grasp a broader understanding of the mindset held within the nation on the delicate nature of the current pensions system. From the input gained due to the debate and the report produced by the independent Pension Commission, the UK government took two initiatives; it published two white papers to cover the proposals that it believed were compulsory to implement for positive change to come into the system (DWP, 2009). The first white paper, titled Security in Retirement: towards a new Pension System, outlined the governments proposals that were designed to revamp the pensions system provided they met with the requirements set within personal responsibility, fairness, simplicity, affordability and sustainability (DWP, 2009). After having formulated and published this white paper, the government brought together key business leaders and organization figureheads to offer consultative advice on the reforms that were being proposed. This collective arrangement was a means of ensuring minimum barriers to the process of change for the long term. The second white paper was titled Personal Accounts: a new way to save, was published by the government proposing the setup of a new national system of low cost personal accounts. The ideology here was to introduce a habit of saving among the UK nationals and residents, which would help in providing income after retirement. This time, the government proposed a period of public consultation on the matter, wanting to address any queries and reservations from the audience that would most be affected by it (DWP, 2008). Having gained a major consensus towards the auctioning of these reforms, the Government moved ahead with the implementation process. The process however was long-term oriented and phased, in order to allow the change to be effected positively and have long term benefits for the nation. The Pensions Act 2007 The reforms proposed to the state pensions system in the first white paper were transformed into law by this act. The changes proposed covered three key areas: the Basic State Pension (BSP), the State Second Pension (S2P) and the qualifying conditions set out for both (DWP, 2009). Some of the key changes are: The qualifying years for receiving full BSP was 39 for women and 44 for men. Effective 2010, this would be reduced to 30 for both. The annual cost of living component in BSP was linked to prices in terms of increases. This would be changed to link with earnings from 2012, provided the fiscal position allowed affordability. Easing the conditions for contribution to BSP, so that everyone can build up some entitlement, instead of those meeting the tough qualification process. From 2010, introducing national insurance credits in relation to S2P, essentially for those individuals who suffer from long term disabilities and those who have caring responsibilities, allowing them to build up some additional pension entitlement. However, one major change that was proposed linked with the issue of the ageing workforce. For long term affordability of the state pension system, it was decided necessary to implement a gradual increase in the state pension age for both men and women. The important part of this change would be the pace at which the increase has been proposed. The period for this increase was between 2024 and 2046; with the age being increased to 68 by the end of this term (DWP, 2009). The Pensions Act 2008 In continuation to the proposed reforms that were deemed necessary after the commission investigation and public debate, this act put into law most of the actions advised in the second white paper. The aim here was to encourage greater private pension saving, so that individuals were not solely reliant on the state to meet their living costs after retirement (DWP, 2009). Some of the key changes of this act are: Automatic enrolment of eligible workers into a qualifying workplace pension scheme, with effect from 2012. What this means is that workers would have to take a decision not to be part of the pension scheme provided by the employer. If any such decisions have not been made actively by the worker, he or she would be enrolled automatically to the workplace pension scheme. A minimum of 3 per cent contribution by the employer to the employees pension account, based on the earning band. This was as a supplement to the 4 per cent contribution that would be made by the employee, and the almost 1 per cent in tax relief provided by the government. 2012 would see the introduction of a new low cost savings vehicle, named as the National Employment Savings Trust (NEST). This scheme is aimed at the medium and low earners, with low charges and simplicity. The Process of Reform When analysed against the pension systems in the developed world, the prevailing UK system has shown serious flaws that have increased over time. The key factor to consider here is the ageing population. While this factor is prevalent in other developed nations running state pension systems, the problem seems less influencing for a few reasons. Canada and Australia have a lower population and a higher percentage in the active workforce. The US being the largest economy in the world has a significant pensioner population, but its higher rate of immigration has allowed it to have a workforce that contributes heavily to the pension system. The UK, however, seems in neither of these areas. It has a significant portion of its workforce nearing the retirement age in the coming decade. With immigration being tightened, the number of foreign workers entering to contribute to the pension system is not as high as required (Butler, 1997). The above point, however, points a serious flaw in the PAYG system, where the current working individuals contribute in the present day, to pay the benefits of those already retired, expecting the same for themselves when they move out of the employment age bracket. The example can be referred to as a bucket of water with a hold in the bottom. There is little accumulation, as water flows out, and the inflow is a slow stream. The need for an understanding to be developed in the public for being more responsible towards their individual needs in retirement is important. Taking personal responsibility during the working age will in turn help avoid a large number of pensioners falling below the poverty line later. Additionally, a supporting but steady role of the employer in terms of contribution to pension schemes for the employee is a step forward. Superannuation schemes in Australia have been following this model for a number of years, with new changes allowing more flexibility to the employee to choose their investment vehicle, but restricting access to the funds till retirement age (Blake, 1997). The recent financial crisis too has impacted the pension system in the UK, as most schemes had invested in several schemes and stocks that have since fallen in value or collapsed. This has resulted in a write-down for many pensioners, furthering emphasizing the failings of the government to provide better protection to pension plans. The state of economy and its stability, therefore, becomes an important factor in the overall effectiveness of the pension system in the United Kingdom. The underlying message in the reform is an acceptance of the drawbacks existing in the pension system of UK, and taking steps to rectify it. Its main aim is to introduce the concept of savings among the public, by offering simplified processes to include more of the working population in the contribution to the state plans, as well as to individual and organizational plans, thereby diversifying the sources of income after retirement. With the reform commencing in 2010, the outlook remains positive. With public involvement in the decision-making process, it is likely that the changes under implementation will be accepted without much resistance. However, critics still argue over whether there is going to be a lasting effect once all variations are completed. One of the most important factors in this would continue to be the economic condition and the sustainability of stability shown.

Observe and describe two separate play activities

Observe and describe two separate play activities While referring to literature and play theories, criticallly analyse the play episodes observed. Play can take many different forms and can have various aims. Play can be solitary, in pairs, parallel, in a group and communicative among other things. The aim can be simply fun, to learn physical motor skills, to learn to be imaginative and creative, to build teamwork, to learn communication skills and problem solving. Studies show that all young animals play to acquire the necessary skills for life. Play has an enormous impact on the childs development. Many believe that it is one of the primary needs of a child and is often said to be a childs work (Tassoni Hucker, 2005, p. 1). It helps the child for his development in: Social skills, Physical skills, Emotional skills, Language skills and Cognitive development Play can be either structured or free. Most of the time, the structured play is organized by an adult or an older peer. It is usually guided and planned, and very often theres only one way to do it. In the meantime, free play is often self-initiated which encourages the child to be creative and imaginative. Play involves exploring feelings, ideas, materials, relationships and roles, making connections between one experience and another and representing ideas, objects and environments. (Pound, 2000, p. 74) The Observations of the Structured and Free Play activities took place in a classroom environment. The class consists of twenty four children, the teacher and a Learning Support Assistant. This is an inclusive school and there is one child with special needs. At the time all twenty four children in the class were playing with the same things. They are all girls and aged between 4 years and 5 years. Six children were observed during these two activities. The sessions lasted between 20 minutes and half an hour each. Photos were taken of the children playing. The person observing the children sat to the side and did not participate in the play. Communication with the children was kept to a minimum and the childrens actions and some dialogue were noted. Structured Play In Structured play activities the adult usually has a high profile role (Tassoni Hucker, 2005, p. 74) and the child has a more passive role. The adult teaches or demonstrates to the child how the activity must be done and the child follows instructions. Very often the activity can only be carried out in one way, for example completing a puzzle or painting a specific art project and the children tend to be less involved in structured play and loose interest more quickly. However there are benefits in structured activities. They allow the adult to focus childrens attention on a specific concept, skill or knowledge(Tassoni Hucker, 2005, p. 73) and by using structured activities the adult can also ensure that the child is developing specific skills like hand and eye coordination and fine motor skills. Observation of a Structured Play Activity Wooden jigsaw puzzles of varying difficulty were used for this activity. Aims Improve hand and eye coordination Fine motor skills Attention span Develop reasoning and problem solving skills Understand shapes and colours Spatial awareness The teacher put out a number of jigsaw puzzles for the children to choose from. The puzzles were put in the middle of a large table and the children were able to choose at will and encouraged to share and swop puzzles when ready. The children started playing by picking a puzzle each and tipping the pieces on the table. The teacher said that this was not the first time they have played with these puzzles so they were confident in their actions and did not need her to guide them in what they were doing. The teacher walked around the classroom supervising their play. After a few minutes of playing the children were observed talking about the puzzles they had picked out for themselves and commenting about which ones were difficult and which were easy. FA and P wanted to play with the puzzle L had picked so, after a short discussion, they came to an agreement; once L finished playing with her puzzle, she would give it to P to play with and when she was ready from playing with it she would then pass it on to FA. This sort of negotiation can be described as social play since almost every aspect of play in a social group involves negotiation and conversation over the ownership of bikes and blocks (Riley, 2007, p. 46). TD also wanted the same puzzle so the teacher intervened and told her that she must wait for the others to finish playing with it and then it would be her turn. TD accepted this compromise and continued playing with the puzzle she had originally chosen. Although this play activity could be quite solitary with each child having their own puzzle, in reality the children were observed sharing, discussing and cooperating in their play. K was helping TD and P as they had similar puzzles and some of the pieces were mixed up. She showed them which pieces fit in which puzzles and they continued to complete their puzzles following her instructions. This was a good example of scaffolding where more knowledgeable others provide assistance to learners (Wood Attfield, 2005, p. 94). R and FA were playing parallel to each other without any communication at first, and then they started to talk and joined their play by comparing puzzle pieces and discussing the characters on them. The children played with the puzzles in a structured way for about ten minutes. Suddenly the play activity did not remain structured any more as one of the children started to use the jigsaw pieces in symbolic play. Symbolic play occurs when the child either pretends to be something that he or she is not or uses a material as something that it is not normally used for (Charlesworth, 2008, p. 73). In this case P started to pretend to eat the pieces of the puzzle she was playing with (her puzzle was of a bear). The teacher played along with this and asked her what it tasted like and P replied of a bear. She then continued with her symbolic play and pretended she was baking the puzzle pieces in the oven. The table she was playing on took on the symbolic role of the oven and P started putting the completed wooden puzzle underneath the table. P, who seemed to be a very popular girl, took on the role of leader and it was observed that she was very creative. Within a couple of minutes some of the other children took up the idea and R and FA started baking their jigsaw puzzles underneath the table too. P then changed the game and tried to encourage the other girls into a competition by having a race. Lets see whos going to be the fast one! she said. However the other girls either ignored her or were too busy thinking about their play and nobody took on her challenge. FA changed her play. She was neither cooking nor putting the pieces in their place. She was making the puzzle pieces stand up. Her puzzle portrayed a construction site complete with people and machinery. She used the pieces in a type of small world play, where the figures became characters in an imaginary world (Tassoni Hucker, 2005, p. 274). At one point FA became a bit worried as her pieces kept falling down so she asked for Ps help, who then joined in the game. After a few minutes of playing in this way, they changed their play again. This time it changed into celebratory play. This type of pretend play represents a form of celebration whether a birthday, a feast, or a holiday. In this case the two girls began to pretend that the puzzle pieces were the candles on a birthday cake. They pretended to blow out the candles and FA started singing the Happy Birthday song while the other girls round the table; R, P and K joined in. Another girl who has special needs and who was playing on another table heard the enthusiasm of the group and came to join them too. It is worth noting that just before this play occurred some older children from another class came to our classroom with pieces of a birthday cake to offer to the teacher and LSA. The teacher said that this is a common occurrence which the younger children are used to, she also said that it is a tradition for all children to bring a cake to school on their birthday and celebrate with their class friends. Free Play Aims Communicative skills Developing the imagination and creativity Personal and social development Very often during free play, children imitate life situations and take part in role play. Adults can provide play opportunities and make suggestions. They can organise material and equipment as well as listen and take part in the play, however only if they are asked to. It is important that adults support free play or the children will get the idea that free play is not as important as structured play and end up associating play with work-related activities, which destroys the whole experience for the child (Tassoni Hucker, 2005 p. 5). Free play is also very important for the childs self esteem and for his overall development (Tassoni Hucker, 2005). This is because when two or more children are given the opportunity to self-initiate play, they will be encouraged to communicate between themselves and develop their socially interactive skills, which helps to gradually develop their self-concept. Moreover being allowed to play freely, gives them the opportunity to make decisions and choices for themselves, which enhances a positive self-esteem. Above all, communication between them leads to the increase of their vocabulary from their peers and from the adults watching or taking part in their play. Usually during free play, the children concentrate longer as the play and the ideas are chosen by themselves (Bruce, 2004). Very often during the self-initiated play, children tend to play by using their imagination which includes pretending, fantasy play and symbolic play (Tassoni Hucker, 2005). In our observation, pretend play was the most common one together with the symbolic play. Fantasy play was not rehearsed in our observation. It was very clear that all the play was part of their life experience, what they encountered when they were at home or when they were with their mothers or other relatives. The imaginative play develops self expression as well as giving children the opportunity to explore their experiences. (Tassoni Hucker, 2005, p. 10). Sometimes this is noted when the child expresses anger or maternal care during their play. Observation of a Free Play Activity Six girls were observed playing in the various areas of the classroom. These areas were the home corner, the reading area and the toy box area. The children used various items in their imaginative play and their role play. They moved from one play scenario to another fluidly and had no problem changing roles as they went along. They used the items in their playing areas symbolically to represent something else according to their play like a small doll used as a hairdryer. The adult observing sat to the side. The teacher told the girls that they could play wherever they wished. Some girls who were sitting at the same table got up and went to the reading area. TC pretended it was her birthday. The other girls joined her in associative play where they played with each other and came together because they shared an interest. They gave her books from the reading area, which were symbolically changed into presents. One of the wooden puzzles that they had been playing with earlier, was turned into a birthday cake. FP went round with the puzzle pieces pretending to give cake to the rest of the girls. The girls pretended they were having a party and the teacher was invited to sit down and join in the play. The girls brought cups and plates to the teacher who sat down near them. They pretended to give her all kinds of food, the teacher took part in their play by pretending to eat what she was given and asking questions about the food, aiming to introduce new vocabulary during their play. J was mixing the imaginary food using a cup and a spoon. Then she poured it in the teachers plate for her to eat. MC pretended that it was her babys birthday party and used a book to represent the cake. MB, who was cooking, pretended to drop sauce on the teacher, who played along by pretending she was a mess and needed to get cleaned up. This comment made the girls change their play. While the teacher sat on the same chair in the same place, the girls started to put cream and make up on her face. Glitter was also mentioned. They used Teletubby plastic toys as their tools and started styling the teachers hair. J imagined having a hair dryer in her hand and styled the teachers hair while making a humming sound. Another girl associated a toy in the box with the play scenario and got a toy hairdryer and started doing the same motions. In the meantime C and FP went to the library area where they found a large plastic box and sat in it pretending it was their cot. They imagined they were babies, and one of them said Trid tirrabja mieghi? Int il-mummy! MB pretended to put nail polish on the teachers nails and then she started painting the teachers hand. The teacher explained that during the school bazaar, which was held the month before, some children were allowed to have their face painted and other parents preferred that their children have just their hands painted instead of their face, so that is what this girl was doing to her teacher using the Teletubby toy as her tool. At the same time MC and TC were playing doctor and patient. MC was lying on two chairs while TC was checking her back with a toy toaster which she symbolically used as a medical instrument. During the observation it had been noted that during free play the students were playing imaginatively and preferred using the provided toys symbolically rather than using them with their original play intentions; like the teletubby toy being a hairdryer and the toy toaster being a medical instrument. The theme of a birthday celebration was observed in both the structured and free play activities. The children were fascinated by the festive environment; the gifts, the food and above all the cake. They were engrossed in their pretend play and the teacher could use this to great advantage by planning learning activities around this idea. The teacher could use the birthday theme and provide many opportunities for literacy, numeracy, creative and social skills. She can do this by preparing activities such as painting, story telling, encouraging children to write cards to each other, as well as preparing the classroom environment to suit her purpose.

Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams Refuge Essay -- Cancer Research Ref

Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams' Refuge â€Å"I cannot prove my mother, my grandmothers, along with my aunts developed cancer from nuclear fallout in Utah. But I can’t prove they didn’t.† Epilogue, Refuge In Terry Tempest Williams’s Refuge, death slowly claimed almost all of the women of her family. Death took Williams’ family members one by one just one or two years apart. In every case, the cause was cancer. Williams insisted in the epilogue that fall-out from the 1951-62 nuclear testing in Utah brought cancer to her family. Because there are many other causes of cancer, such as genetic and environmental factors, it is hard for one to insist that nuclear fall-out causes cancer. Therefore, it is important to find out how and why nuclear fall-out can cause cancer and relate it to Williams’ claim that there is a connection between cancer in her family and nuclear fall-out. The risks that can develop cancer are complicated and complex. To indicate one single cause of cancer is hard. However, certain environmental causes are strongly interrelated with the cause of particular cancers, such as cigarette smoking and lung cancer and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer (CancerSource). It is also known that, â€Å"Ionizing radiation consists of x-rays, UV light, and radioactivity whose energy can damage cells and chromosomes. Radioactivity increases the risk of cancer.† Source to indicate the effects of radioactivity is the U.S bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After all these years, the Japanese are still suffering from all kinds of cancer caused by many long lived chemicals such as Strontium-90 and Cesium-147 from the fallout. â€Å"High rate of leukemia† was found among the people who had survived Hiroshima and Nagasa... ... it has been established that chemicals in radioactivity cause cancer. Second, there is much evidence that many U.S civilians died from the effects of nuclear fall-out. Third, Williams’ family has no background of cancer until 1950s. Williams claimed women in her family died of cancer. From all the evidences we have found, we can confidently insist that nuclear fall-out causes cancer. Therefore, Williams’ claim is evidently correct. Bibliography Brodersen, Tom. â€Å"Compensation available to Fallout Cancer Victims.† The Sharlot Hall Museum (August 25,2002). 11 April 2005 Dillon, Lucinda. â€Å"Toxic Utah: Ghosts in the wind.† Deseretnews (February 15,2001). 11 April 2005 Steele Dorn, Ka ren. â€Å"Time bombs keep going off for cancer-plagued families in Idaho who lived downwind of nuclear testing in the 1950s.† Downwinders (October 24, 2004). 11 April 2005

How the Houses in Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights Compare :: Emily Bronte Literature Essays

How the Houses in Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights Compare Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange are two exact opposites separated by the neutral territory of the moors, a dreamlike place thought of as heaven by Heathcliff and Catherine. Although both estates are wealthy, there is a definite difference in class between them and this bears greatly on the characters from both estates ability to socialise with each other. The two different buildings have their own strengths and weaknesses and the characters reflect their features. On the one hand there is Wuthering Heights with its stark and intimidating appearance but strong magnetism representing savagery and Thrushcross grange with its refinement and pleasant appearance representing civility. Wuthering heights has the characteristics of being a very strong, prominent structure and is described by Mr Lockwood as being a misanthropists heaven. It is a very desolate and lonely place up on a hill exposed to stormy weather with no real beauty and can be seen as an uncivilised place to live. Thrushcross Grange is a very classy, civilised estate and living in a place like this would bring a lot of status with it. It is quite a sheltered place down in the valley and this is something that is common with its children - they tend to be sheltered and spoilt. Thrushcross grange is comfortable and decorative whereas Wuthering Heights is basic and down to earth. Whilst Wuthering Heights has great power in its commanding position up on the hill, it will never be in the same class as the Grange. The features of the estates have a strong association with the people who live in them in terms of mood, emotion and appearance. Heathcliff is a very dark and stormy character of Gypsy blood and is the person who has the greatest association with Wuthering Heights. Mr Earnshaw who found him alone and starving introduced him to the place as a child where he grew up with Catherine and Hindley as an interloper. In adulthood he becomes more and more antisocial and puts up a stone barrier when it comes to showing his emotions. He and the building suit each other as though they were one and the same because whilst he displays all the strength and pride of the Heights, he also has the roughness. Isabella is Edgar Linton's sister and although being a pleasant, well-educated person has the soft and civilised traits of Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff marries her as a way of revenge against Cathy and Edgar and as part of his overall plan to own both estates. Not realising Heathcliffs intentions she is taken in by his magnetism and strength but is too soft a character to stand up to his might and

civil war :: essays papers

civil war3 Albert Gallatin Brown, U.S. Senator from Mississippi, speaking with regard to the several filibuster expeditions to Central America: "I want Cuba . . . I want Tamaulipas, Potosi, and one or two other Mexican States; and I want them all for the same reason -- for the planting and spreading of slavery." [Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 106.] Richmond Enquirer, 1856: "Democratic liberty exists solely because we have slaves . . . freedom is not possible without slavery." Lawrence Keitt, Congressman from South Carolina, in a speech to the House on January 25, 1860: "African slavery is the corner-stone of the industrial, social, and political fabric of the South; and whatever wars against it, wars against her very existence. Strike down the institution of African slavery and you reduce the South to depopulation and barbarism." Later in the same speech he said, "The anti-slavery party contend that slavery is wrong in itself, and the Government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States." Taken from a photocopy of the Congressional Globe supplied by Steve Miller. Methodist Rev. John T. Wightman, preaching at Yorkville, South Carolina: "The triumphs of Christianity rest this very hour upon slavery; and slavery depends on the triumphs of the South . . . This war is the servant of slavery." [The Glory of God, the Defence of the South (1861), cited in Eugene Genovese's Consuming Fire (1998).] Alexander Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy, referring to the Confederate government: "Its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery . . . is his natural and normal condition." [Augusta, Georgia, Daily Constitutionalist, March 30, 1861.] Alfred P. Aldrich, South Carolina legislator from Barnwell: "If the Republican party with its platform of principles, the main feature of which is the abolition of slavery and, therefore, the destruction of the South, carries the country at the next Presidential election, shall we remain in the Union, or form a separate Confederacy? This is the great, grave issue. It is not who shall be President, it is not which party shall rule -- it is a question of political and social existence." [Steven Channing, Crisis of Fear, pp. 141-142.] Political divisions America was thus divided by economic structure, and was led into fratricidal warfare by a series of political clashes. civil war :: essays papers civil war3 Albert Gallatin Brown, U.S. Senator from Mississippi, speaking with regard to the several filibuster expeditions to Central America: "I want Cuba . . . I want Tamaulipas, Potosi, and one or two other Mexican States; and I want them all for the same reason -- for the planting and spreading of slavery." [Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 106.] Richmond Enquirer, 1856: "Democratic liberty exists solely because we have slaves . . . freedom is not possible without slavery." Lawrence Keitt, Congressman from South Carolina, in a speech to the House on January 25, 1860: "African slavery is the corner-stone of the industrial, social, and political fabric of the South; and whatever wars against it, wars against her very existence. Strike down the institution of African slavery and you reduce the South to depopulation and barbarism." Later in the same speech he said, "The anti-slavery party contend that slavery is wrong in itself, and the Government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States." Taken from a photocopy of the Congressional Globe supplied by Steve Miller. Methodist Rev. John T. Wightman, preaching at Yorkville, South Carolina: "The triumphs of Christianity rest this very hour upon slavery; and slavery depends on the triumphs of the South . . . This war is the servant of slavery." [The Glory of God, the Defence of the South (1861), cited in Eugene Genovese's Consuming Fire (1998).] Alexander Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy, referring to the Confederate government: "Its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery . . . is his natural and normal condition." [Augusta, Georgia, Daily Constitutionalist, March 30, 1861.] Alfred P. Aldrich, South Carolina legislator from Barnwell: "If the Republican party with its platform of principles, the main feature of which is the abolition of slavery and, therefore, the destruction of the South, carries the country at the next Presidential election, shall we remain in the Union, or form a separate Confederacy? This is the great, grave issue. It is not who shall be President, it is not which party shall rule -- it is a question of political and social existence." [Steven Channing, Crisis of Fear, pp. 141-142.] Political divisions America was thus divided by economic structure, and was led into fratricidal warfare by a series of political clashes.

Small capital in Philippines Essay

This chapter consists of brief summary of articles, findings of the study that are related to the present study. It contains foreign and local literature, foreign and local studies. Local Literature According to Mishell M. Malabaguio of entrepreneur magazine Philippines, Small capital, easy set-up and a good chance of success are just some of the reason why Food Cart Business is thriving in the Philippines. If you will look at the market trend today, Food cart business is the choice of most aspiring entrepreneurs. A mobile food cart is a business where you can start on low capital ranging from P30,000 to a maximum of P300,000. But it could be a little lower though, depending on how you will put it up — by franchise or on your own. Some companies offer food cart franchise for as low as P10,000 per package that includes, the cart, product, uniform for the crew and training. Over the last few years, food service carts have sprouted all over the metro — from MRT and LRT station, malls, sidewalks, church, schools, markets etc. – name it and for sure, you’ll find a food cart there. Today, there are about 800 different food cart formats available in the market–pizza, waffle, fishball, siomai, rice toppings, and baked goodies, rice in a box, hotdog and a lot more.Industry estimates that more than P1 billion in sales are turned over every year from the food cart businesses. With this amount, no doubt that Food Cart is the hot business in the market. If you have a nice cart, then the next thing to consider is Location. Location plays a big part in the success of your food cart or in any business for that matter. You have to think of a good location where a person frequents and can see what you are selling. But not all places cramming with people is a good venue just like MRT and LRT station. Lastly, you have to match your good locati on with the right product at a good price.

Integrated Accounting Final Report Essay

In order to assist in the set up of Riordan Manufacturing’s revenue cycle, some changes are needed. Riordan Manufacturing is going to incorporate the systems development life cycle to their system. Along with this, some detail on how participants in the accounting function will assist in the development of the system will be mentioned as well. There will be information on how the changes have impacted the areas of measure and control that tie to operational performance. Riordan Manufacturing sells plastic bottles, fans, heart valves, medical stints and custom plastic parts. The company’s clientà ¨le include automotive parts manufacturers, The Department of Defense and appliance manufacturers. This paper will outline how to integrate the cycle into an enterprise-wide accounting information system, the hardware needed and show how the accounting system flows through Riordan Manufacturing. Riordan Manufacturing is owned by Riordan with annual revenue in excess of one billion dollars. Riordan uses the income statement to show investors what the income is, and how management is controlling expenses. Riordan Manufacturing does not have an integrated accounting system at this time. All locations have separate systems and the information is sent to headquarters. The company admits that the current accounting system fails in many areas and needs to be replaced. In regard to cost of goods, the company has a common set of procedures for inventory management. Each process is explained thoroughly to insure everyone involved understands. A common set of procedures is necessary to guarantee that all cost of goods is reported properly. A main weakness for Riordan is many portions of the accounting process are still manual where electronic devices could be used. Another weakness is one throughout the entire company. The locations are not interconnected and headquarters rely on specific locations to send in the proper information and they combine the data into one system. Riordan Manufacturing currently provides its F and A data from the different locations by a data file. Some of the files is reported by hard copy and has to be converted to the proper account codes. All these reports are then combined into one financial report. The company needs to come up with one global accounting system. The SAP software is one of the highest recommended international accounting software that is used and has the strongest international features call SAP. It provides multiple currency support. From a balance sheet perspective, accounting for fluctuations in exchange rates has become easier. This software is also in compliance with FASB 52 (Collins, J., 1999-2003). There will need to be global implementation of the software from our I/T department, and training done on the accounting software however, this will save time in compiling reports and the reports will be more accurate. Many different types of information systems exist that will be needed in order to integrate supply and demand into the enterprise wide accounting information system. The first system would be Management Information System (MIS) which would collect information for monitoring the performance and maintaining coordination between purchasing and accounts payable (Introduction of Information Systems, n.d.) Another information system that would be beneficial to Riordan would be the Office Automation System (OAS). The OAS would be beneficial to Riordan because this system is useful for general office work when handling and managing documents. OAS also assists in improving communication within the workplace. Finally, transaction processing systems (TPS) are also an excellent system to have within a company. â€Å"TPS records daily routine transactions such as sales orders from customers, or bank deposits and withdrawals† (Introduction of Information Systems, n.d.). Most organizations have these three types of information systems in place, even though others that could be used. A way to make the revenue cycle run smoothly is by integrating hardware and software to assist in the setup of the various systems. This section of the paper will discuss what hardware and software is needed, and will go on to  identify who accesses this information. In order to integrate cost of goods into the accounting process Riordan Manufacturing will need a system that works for all locations. This would require software that is compatible for all locations. This would also make it possible to share reports such as the income statement and balance sheet. There should only a select few that should have access to the information in the database. These people would include the database designer, the persons installing the hardware or software and database management. This will keep the information contained in the database as secure as possible. This would be the first area of internal controls. The second area deals with transactions and is known as an application control. Application controls are vital to ensure accuracy and legitimacy of the data. Two common input internal controls that would be required are feedback mechanism and edit tests. Processing data controls deals with the data after input. The first internal control needed is an audit trail. This control allows a person to follow the route the data has taken. The final step in application control is the output controls. One area of concern in this area is control of company forms. In the area of revenue specifically, cost of goods sold, the forms that should be managed are purchase orders and inventory control sheets. As a way to make the accounting process easier for all involved, Riordan Manufacturing must brainstorm on how to provide information through the corporate intranet or Internet. In order to decide on where to list information, some details on the meaning of the intranet and Internet are provided. â€Å"The intranet is for internal communications purposes. These computer networks use the same software as the Internet, but are internal to the organization that created them† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 7). A good way to use the intranet would be to have all locations connected. This would allow all information to be accessible to each location. At the same time, it saves time trying to get information forwarded to corporate. â€Å"The Internet is a collection of local and wide area networks that are now connected  together via the Internet backbone – that is, the main electronic connections of the system† (Bagranoff, 2008, p. 5). The internet is a good place to provide customers with information on the history of Riordan Manufacturing. Another area of interest is listing some information on the products that are being sold. Integrating a new accounting system into the company will greatly improve internal controls for Riordan Manufacturing. With hardware and software implemented, the company will have more consistent and accurate financial reports. Riordan Manufacturing will always know where they stand financially if the new system is implemented. The goal is to change the current process for maintaining, recording, and billing of inventory as related to cost of goods sold (COGS). An entire new accounting information system is not required only additional software program in this one area. Waterfall is the oldest form of systems development life cycle (SDLC) and is the one that is used for this project. The waterfall SDLC includes multiple steps in the life of a project. The steps include: project planning with feasibility study, systems analysis that defines the projects goals, system design, implementation, integration and testing, acceptance, installation and deployment and finally maintenance of the accepted system (Kay 2002). The system is already proposed so the first two steps of the waterfall SDLC have already occurred in some form. The SDLC will be used as check list to ensure all the proper processes are completed when implementing the new system. The steps in the waterfall SDLC should be followed with the creation of a system design as the next step. Once the system design is created with all the required features including operational details the next step can be started. This step is the implementation of the system design into the current accounting system. Once the code is written for this step integration and testing will be required to ensure that the new work is compatible with the old system. In this step the company should also test the hardware involved so when the system is live all is in order. Finally the last step is installation and deployment if the new design has been  accepted. Once the new system and hardware are in place the company can begin replacing the old processes. Maintenance is included in the Waterfall SDLC but as a company maintenance is automatic to ensure good life of the company’s assets. The participants to contribute to the system design of the systems development life cycle would be the database designers. This enables the system to have the needed logical and physical design to have an operational database. In order to make this process successful, one must determine the data to be stored, and determine the relationships of the different data fields. Review the way the old system is set up and see if improvement is needed to make the new system better. The implementation stage would probably involve database management. It means that testing has been done and implementing the system is the next step. Some comparisons have been made with the old and new systems and things are being documented where possible issues may occur later. With the installation and deployment step, the departments involved would be IT and accounting. This step occurs because the system has been approved to go live. IT is assigned to installing the system. It would involve installing the software applications as well. The accounting department’s job would be to make sure after IT installs everything to test their processes now that the system is up and running. This would involve doing actual work and reviewing the results of the work. Make comparisons to how the results of the processes of the old system worked versus the new system. Accounting would be required to review the software applications as well. Again, testing would be needed to see if the applications are running smoothly. The improvements for Riordan if they implement a new accounting system are vast. Some of those include; less clerical errors, more efficient for keeping track of inventory, faster because after initial set up everything goes quicker, better tracking of access to information and no papers to lose  because all the work is done electronically. References: Bagranoff, N. A., Simkin, M. G., and Strand, C. (2008). Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems (10th ed.). [Electronic Version]. New York: Wiley. Retrieved July 10, 2008 from University of Phoenix, ACC/340, rEsource Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/login.aspBagranoff, N. A. (2008). Accounting on the Internet. [University of Phoenix CustomEdition e-text].John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2008, from University ofPhoenix, ACC340 Web site. Collins, J. CPA (1999-2003). Accounting Software Advisor: Foreign Currency. Retrieved July 6, 2008 from: http://www.accountingsoftwarenews.com/charts/currency.htmlIntroduction to Information Systems (n.d.). Types of Information Systems. Chapter 2. Retrieved July 5, 2008 from http://www.ii/metu.edu.tr/~ion501/demo/index.htmlKay, Russell (2002). Quickstudy: System Development Life Cycle. ComputerWorld. May 14, 2002. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from the World Wide Web at: http://www.computerworld.com/developmenttopics/development/story/0,10801,71151,00.htm

Words of Encouragement

Patrick Draughn Words of Encouragment From the outgoing class of 2012 to the incoming class of 2013 we would like to say congratulations to you all, you made it. It has been a long and the finish line is gradually approaching. This upcoming year will be the best and worst time s of your high school experience. There will be times when you can’t wait to get to school to show off your new outfit or to attend homecoming week. There will also be times where school is just not where you want to be today and your body will go but your mind stays at home.These times will come and these times will go but the one thing you must remember is not to forget why you come to school. Do not forget why you are attending high school. Don’t forget about the test on Monday because you were out with your friends this weekend and didn’t feel like studying. Don’t forget about the paper due next week because you were too busy deciding what to get Brittany or bobby something for t heir birthday. Don’t be late to class because you couldn’t decide what to wear with your fresh outfit or what accessories will match your dress.No this is not the time to slack off now is not the time to conduct the infamous virus known as senioritis. Now is the time to focus on your studies, guide your way through the path to graduation, and if you decide start figuring out what college you would like to attend if you haven’t decided already. To the prospective college students now is definitely not the time to get behind on your studies but to get a study plan started. Trust me it will be a necessity. I know there will be times where you feel like giving up and wanting to quit.I’ve been there, I’ve been up all night typing papers and having to get up at the crack of dawn the next morning for class. I’ve been beaten up in practice and having to come home to chores, siblings, and homework. I had the job where you had to work on weekends and homework was due Mondays instead of Wednesdays. I never said the road to graduation was easy but I promise it will be worth it, and after that road ends many more roads will begin to form. It’s always wise to plan your next destination and whether it may be college, military, workforce, or etc. make sure you’re making the right decision for yourself and no one else.You have control of your own destiny. I remember my senior year I was commander of the entire ROTC at my high school, captain of two sports teams, and I also had a job. Although there were times when giving up felt like the easiest thing to do I had to sit back and think was it the RIGHT thing to do. I received many rewards; honor roll, medals, even a state championship ring so it’s say to say I have accomplished many things throughout my high school experience but my biggest achievement was walking across that stage looking my principal in his face and shaking his hand while he gave me my diploma.I k new that I was finally finished everything was complete. I remember sitting down with my grandmother who is is a big influence on my life. We sat down and talked about college she told me how no one in our family has ever been to college and if I decided to go id be the very first. That was more than enough motivation for me to choose the right path for me so hopefully the right path for you students will be easy as well. In choosing your path I want you to remember one thing that my grandmother always told me.My grandmother was a very wise woman and although we had many conversations I never remember them all but I do remember that specific conversation over the rest because she told me something that has been engraved in my mind ever since that night. She said people can take a lot of things from you money, cars, clothes, homes, even your life; but there’s one thing no one will never be able to take from you and that’s your education. So to the upcoming senior class of 2013 I say good luck congratulations and may your road or path guide you to your destiny.

Grievance Redressal System Essay

Broadly, a grievance can be defined as any discontent of dissatisfaction with any aspect of the organization. It can be real or imaginary, legitimate or ridiculous, rated or unvoiced, written or oral, it must be however, find expression in some form of the other. Discontent or dissatisfaction is not a grievance. They initially find expression in the form of a complaint. When a complaint remains unattended to and the employee concerned feels a sense of lack of justice and fair play, the dissatisfaction grows and assumes the status of grievance. Usually grievance relate to problems of interpretation of perceived non-fulfilment of one’s expectation from the organization. Aggrieved employees usually manifest defiant behaviour. The grievance procedure can be divided into two parts:- †¢ A formal grievance redressal process and †¢ An informal process of grievance handling All the employees of the Corporation fall under the broad purview of the grievance redressal system. Handling grievances There are three formal stages in which any grievance can be redressed. Each stage has a ‘form’ which is numbered according to whichever stage it belongs to. A grievance can be of any type ranging from problems regarding promotion to discharge and dismissal, and suspension but it is mandatory that the grievance should be work related and not personal. It is required that the grievance must fall under the following category to be considered one: 1. Amenities 2. Compensation 3. Conditions of work 4. Continuity of service 5. Disciplinary action . Fines 7. Leave 8. Medical benefits 9. Nature of job 10. Payments 11. Promotions 12. Safety environment 13. Super Annuation 14. Supersession 15. Transfers 16. Victimisation The list is indicative and not comprehensive. The apparent because or sources of grievances may always be the real ones. There is need for deeper analysis of the policies, procedures, practices, structures and personality dynamics in the organization to arrive at the real causes of grievances. Grievances stem from management policies and practices, particularly when they lack consistency, fair play and the desired level of flexibility. Grievances also may arise because of intra-personal problems of individual employees and union practices aimed at reinforcing and consolidating their bargaining, strength. The absence of proper two-way flow of communication can indeed be a fertile ground for breeding grievances. Individual or Collective (Group) Grievances The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines a grievance as a complaint of one or more workers with respect to wages and allowances, conditions of work and interpretation of service, condition covering such areas as overtime, leave, transfer, promotion, seniority, job assignment and termination of service. The National Commission on Labour observed that â€Å"complaints† affecting one or more individual workers in respect of their wage payments, overtime, leave, transfer, promotion seniority, work assignment and discharge would constitute grievances. It is important to make a distinction between individual grievances and group grievances. If the issue involved relate to one or a few individual employees, it needs to be handled through a grievance procedure, but when general issues with policy implications and wider interest are involved they become the subject matter for collective bargaining. Reasons for grievances Grievances occur for a variety of reasons: Economic Wage fixation, wage computation, overtime, bonus Employees feel they are getting less than what they ought to get Working Environment Poor working conditions, defective equipment and machinery, tools, materials. Supervision Disposition of the boss towards the employee perceived notions of favoritism, nepotism, bias etc. Work Group Strained relations or incompatibility with peers. Feeling of neglect, obstruction and victimisation. Work Organisation Rigid and unfair rules, too much less work responsibility, lack of recognition. Effects of Grievances Grievances can have several effects which are essentially adverse and counterproductive to organizational purposes. The adverse effects include: a. Loss of interest in work and consequent lack of moral and commitment b. Poor quality of production c. Low productivity d. Increase in wastage and costs e. Increase in employee turnover f. Increase in the incidence of accidents g. Indiscipline h. Unrest, etc. Do’s and Don’ts in Grievance Handling – Check Lists All the points are not applicable to every case, but if the supervisor is familiar with all of them and observe them in his handling of grievances, he will be prepared for almost any kind of case that may arise.